What gave rise to urbanisation in the mediterranean Essay -- essays re

â€Å"What gave rise to urbanisation in the Mediterranean region?† What is urbanisation? To ‘urbanise’ is to ‘make (a rural area) more industrialized and urban’ , urban meaning ‘of or living in a city or town’ . Marja C.V. Vink argues that â€Å"The word urbanization was used for the first time in Spain a little more than one hundred years ago† to show the â€Å"quantitative and qualitative growth if cities† . The degree of urbanisation is quite different when comparing towns or cities of antiquity to the modern understanding of an urban centre; however, essentially it is the same process. When talking about the rise of urbanisation in the Mediterranean region 3 main civilisations spring to mind, firstly the Greeks who were inspired by advanced civilisations of the Near East. Secondly, the Etruscans who ruled central Italy from the eighth century to the third century B.C. when the last Etruscan cities fell to Rome. Etruria was bordered to the south by the River Tiber and to the north by the River Arno. City states developed in Etruria in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C., and â€Å"by the last decades of the eighth century B.C. the centres which had undergone the process of urbanization and social diversification had acquired some of the status of cities.† Etruria flourished until the Gauls invaded in the fourth century B.C. From 616-509 Etruscan kings ruled over Rome. Finally, the Romans dating back to 753 B.C. with the founding of Rome by Romulus. Urbanisation is synonymous with cities. It seems impossible to consider a civilisation ‘urbanised’ if it does not have urban centres. So what is an urban centre? And why were these urban centres needed? Looking at what the cities consisted of can help one answer these questions. In Greece the most obvious choice for studying the process of urbanisation is Athens. I have chosen Marzabotto as the example of an urban centre for Etruria and finally, for the Roman Empire I have chosen Rome. These three cities all adapted to the needs of their population and the one thing common to all three is a cult centre. The first urban centres were certainly not Roman, however once urbanised Rome surpassed any of the Greek or former Etruscan cites in terms of monumentalisation. The Neolithic & Dark Age sees the beginning of domestication of plants and livestock, as well as the emergence of weaponry. With cultivation now possible peopl... ...biliography. Andersen, D., Urbanisation in the Mediterranean, 1997, Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen. Barker, G., and Rasmussen, T., The Etruscans. 1998, Blackwell Publishers. Boitani, F., et.al. Etruscan Cities. 1973, Cassell and Company, London. Camp, D.M., The Athenian Agora, 1986, London. Easterling, P.E., and Muir, J.V., Greek Religion and Society. 1985, Cambridge. Lassus, J. The Early Christian and Byzantine World, 1967, Paul Hamlyn, London. Owens, E.J., The City in the Greek and Roman World. 1991, Routeledge, London and New York. Rykwert, J., The Idea of a Town. 1999, The MIT Press, London and Cambridge. Tomlinson, R., From Mycenae to Constantinople: The evolution of the Ancient City, 1992, Routeledge, London and New York. Ward-Perkins, J.B., Cities of Ancient Greece and Italy: Planning in Classical Antiquity. 1974, George Braziller, New York. Collins New Pocket English Dictionary, Harper Collins Publishers, 1992 Websites http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/classics/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/22.html#8 http://www.anistor.co.hol.gr/english/enback/e992.htm http://www.localcolorart.com/encyclopedia/Minoan_civilization/ http://www.cedarland.org/trade.html