Advanced Computer Logic

In any organization, it is best that the purchasing transactions be organized in order to reduce purchase transaction costs (About, Inc). The importance of considering the methods involved in purchasing transactions is underscored by the fact that these transactions form the majority of the expenses of an organization (About, Inc). Indeed, it has been noted that â€Å"[i]n a typical organization, 80% of the purchasing transactions represent approximately 20% of the total dollars spent (About, Inc).†Thus, Tom Camp and Eleanor should discuss about changing their procurement process because apparently, it does not serve the best interests of the company. The facts given show that the equipments it purchases have a high obsolescence rate due to differences in preference and orders.Thus, there is a need to streamline the purchasing process of the company and minimize the differences in suppliers and orders, which only cause additional cost to the company.It appears that this situat ion is appropriate for the application of systems contracting. A systems contracting arrangement is described as â€Å"an agreement between the buyer and supplier where the buyer places a blanket order with the supplier and the supplies are delivered to a special area on the buyer’s premises (About, Inc).†This arrangement ensures that the inventory records are in order and constantly updated (About, Inc).In a systems contracting arrangement, the supplier retains ownership of the goods while they are purchase orders are still being generated and the customer is billed at established periods only (About, Inc). This system allows the buyer that his inventory commitment is kept at a minimum (About, Inc).Thus, the buyer is left to deal with his personal concerns regarding maintaining its inventory, without a huge commitment to the seller (About, Inc).  Another option for the company is to adopt the theory of reverse auction, wherein a single buyer would choose from among many sellers so that the buyer could get competitive bids on their needed equipment. This is also an option that could mean savings for the company because only the winning bidder would provide the procured equipment, and the company would no longer concern itself with differences in orders from among the difference departments of the company.Moreover, this could reduce the obsolescence rate of the equipments because the competitive nature of the selection and procurement process would ensure that only the best equipment would be ordered.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works CitedAbout, Inc. â€Å"Four Methods to Reduce Purchasing Costs.† 2007. 4 Oct. 2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .

Innovation at the International Foods Essay

Josh Novak who owns a small company called Glow Foods, have been selected to be apart of International Foods Group (IFG) team. IFG Tower was Chicago landmark and part of the company’s logo that appeared at every type of food that existed such as cereal box, breakfast meals, snack foods, etc. There are a lot of differences between Glow Foods, and IFG. In addition, John Ahern (CIO) would like to add more customers to IFG, merging the two Glow Foods and IFG. The goal is to attract the youth and young adult markets in IT. Josh was called to meet up with John Ahern and Tonya (manager of IT marketing) to talk. They started to talk about baseball teams, and the weather. Later on, John started to get to business; John summarized that since they took over Glow Foods they completely thought of arranging their processes including IT. They did not see a reason to run separate data centers. They picked a team to transfer all of Glow Foods’ hardware and software to their corporate systems in a month. Also change their entire Mac’s to PC’s, train employees on ERP system, and keep a small team to deal with Canadian issues. With that being said, IFG’s market their products to women with children and would like to expand and market their products to youths and young adults. John Ahern chose Josh Novack to help grab the youth and young adult customers. There is a team that will help Josh with this project stationed in Chicago. Josh is now the team manager at IFG and in charge of this project to be implemented and result in success. Six weeks after Josh started; he was called to come to Tonya’s office to discuss a few things. Since not everyone in the company is encouraging there will be some serious obstacles to overcome that will need to be discussed and that is both within the IT and the larger company. Tonya will assist Josh the best way she can when it comes to resources, support and to help place Josh’s innovative ideas together. Some serious obstacles that were discussed are expectations, and appearance. There is a possibility that IFG may have different expectations than Glow Foods. Usually, employers hire people based on their skills, interviews, eferences, and presentation. Employers expect them that they are being honest about the type of person that they are, and they want to work for them. Each boss that a person will have all have different expectations to their employees, as they all have different management style, rules, and personality. In reality, there are also expectations of the general work that a person will do, the environment in which they will be working at and the way th at they will be interacting with others in workplace. (CITE) Through experience and research there are common expectations that companies would like their employees to meet. Common expectations are being on time to scheduled work, following supervisor’s directions, maintaining a positive attitude at all times, treat everyone around you with respect, being responsible, and doing your roles. These expectations are usually told to all employees or kept to themselves knowing. Meeting the company’s expectations will help people progress in the company. With all employees meeting expectations, this will maintain the company be successful. CITE) The second part of the serious obstacle to overcome is appearance. Tonya stated that Josh may find that he will get a better response to his ideas if he looks a bit more professional. Just like expectations all companies have their own set of rules when it comes to dressing for work and can be called uniform. Just like police officers have uniforms, so once you see a police officer you will it i s a police officer by appearance. Also when we see people with suits and tie we normally think that they are CEO’s, CIO’s, or Managers. With appearance, an employee can gained more respect from co workers, build self confidence, and also can lead to opportunities. (CITE) Josh can win support for his team’s three point plan to use technology to help IFG’s reach its customers by doing a test to all three ideas and documenting step by step progress and results. In addition, writing a risk evaluation and analysis will help back up any questions that CIO, and CTO may have (John and Rick). Also, a business case should already be in place as well as budget with the technologies needed on both ends, whether the three point plan works or not. Having all of the information in hand will help the team gain some support. Also, think of all of the questions that both John and Rick will ask and look for and include the answers into the plan. This will help gain John and Rick’s support because the ideas were well thought of. Of course, the team will not be able to think off all the questions that John and Rick may have in mind but it will help. In addition, making sure that all the business needs and requirements are met. This is important because it will make the three point plan strong and will help gain support for the team. Here are some ideas that can help each idea gain some support for team. First idea is connecting directly with customers about new product development ideas through an interactive web site with real time response from internal staff. Outlining the cost for this, the number of staff that will be needed for real time response will help, and who will be responsible for the creation of the web site. Also, have the completed GUI or interface of the website ready to show. It looks like this is going to be a 24 hour support, since it is real time response, there should be some guidelines and training needed for the employees that will be assisting and in charge of the real time response to customers. With this being said, listing all possible risk with mitigation actions, and basically writing a risk analysis just for this idea. Wonderful customer service will continue to keep coming back. Second idea is to reach out to different communities and gain insights into their needs and interests. With this idea, an informative survey would help. Outlining all questions and possible answers to help guide future marketing plans. Also, having a set schedule of how this reaching out to people would be implemented for example, knowing what location, what employees will assist, is this web based survey (if so, how will customers be notified), etc. these are a few questions that can help marketing. In addition, flyers, and advertisements at locations where youths hang out the most, and/or events that are attended the most by young adults. Also, knowing what is next after gathering information and/or knowing the results will help the team. Third idea is to implement these and all of the ideas on the cloud. Now, with this idea, there should be another risk analysis. Putting information on the cloud involves a lot of security issues, but also has an advantage to companies. With technology booming every second, a lot of companies are putting their information on the cloud. Listing all possible security issues and how it can be solved will help. Knowing all of the details about the cloud, any credentials that are needed, any firewall rules, monitoring ports, and traffic will help this idea. In conclusion, in my opinion integrating IT into marketing is an innovative idea. Nowadays, everything includes or involves IT whether it is financial department, or marketing department. Information technology is embedded in modern marketing jobs. There are IT tools used everyday by marketing personnel such as blogs, email communication, CRM systems, power point presentations, websites, social medias to name a few. Over all without these IT tools, it will be hard to keep marketing updated and to continue to maintain and gain customers. Using these IT tools help the company markets successful.

Window Display

As the target audience is young, modern people this combination of minimalism and fashion will help reach nearby affluent consumers as well as the ones who are Just curiously passing by. As the first point of contact before a consumer enters into a retail space, window displays continue to give consumers essential information. They can communicate what is contained within the retail space, offer information about certain products and sales and, perhaps most importantly, set expectations about the experience that the consumer will have within the store's walls.This store window ells a captivating brand story in 10 seconds, showing the essential pieces of the brand: t-shirts, denim, ascetic shirts and modern, one-of-a-kind accessories. This window decoration is simple and does not attack to customer with plenty of bright colors and chaotic forms in order to stay relevant. Main task of this store window Is to in a simple and aesthetic way show potential customer what this brand is about , avoiding provoking props and flashy decorations that are distracting from center piece – apparel and accessories.Furniture that are included in this window display re clothing rack and neon light object as a reference to newest spring/summer 2014 trends. Neon stand lamp illuminates the clothing In dark hours of the day In order to keep this store window interactive at any time of the day. Another design element that underlines the simplicity of this set-up Is dark Cheap Monday sign, light colors of the retail space and minimalist hangers creating a pleasant contrast.Layout and diagonal lines In this composition that create attention and movement and symmetry between clothing rack and apparel that Is giving calm effect are the SST visible parameters In this window display. Clothing Is hanging In focal point – just below eye level, so the customer Is Instantly focused on the apparel. To secure proportions between elements shoes are placed In the front of the rack and a lso underneath the clothing creating two lines.As Cheap Monday mostly uses simple and plain colors as white, black and blue the window display consists of the same color line resembling the company. Ceiling and sides are white, floor Is light grey and the main light element Is neon lamp, besides the built-Len store light objects that does to Include In this display. Individuality and design are qualities that Cheap Monday wants to highlight. Window Display By kidders colors and chaotic forms in order to stay relevant.Main task of this store window is to trends. Neon stand lamp illuminates the clothing in dark hours of the day in order to that underlines the simplicity of this set-up is dark Cheap Monday sign, light colors of Layout and diagonal lines in this composition that create attention and movement and symmetry between clothing rack and apparel that is giving calm effect are the SST visible parameters in this window display.Clothing is hanging in focal point – just belo w eye level, so the customer is instantly focused on the apparel. To secure proportions between elements shoes are placed in the front of the rack and also color line resembling the company. Ceiling and sides are white, floor is light grey and the main light element is neon lamp, besides the built-in store light objects that does not include in this display. Individuality and design are qualities that Cheap Monday wants to highlight.

Salvation In Islam As Against Salvation In Christianity Research Paper

Salvation In Islam As Against Salvation In Christianity - Research Paper Example The Answering Islam Organization for instance puts forward the argument that â€Å"Christianity and Islam share much common ground. Both trace their roots to Abraham. Both believe in prophecy, God's messengers (apostles), revelation, scripture, the resurrection of dead, and the centrality of religious community.† It is also interesting to note that regarding a doctrine like salvation, the two religions have both contrasts and similarities. Three Perspectives of Salvation The comparison and contraction of salvation as it pertains to the two religions thus Christianity and Islam shall be viewed from three major perspectives. These are the origin of sin, the way to salvation and the consequences of salvation. A detailed discussion of the three perspectives would give a pre-salvation conceptualization, salvation conceptualization and post-salvation conceptualization. On the issue of origin of sin, which eventually brings to the need for salvation, both Christianity and Islam belie ve that the first family (Adam and Eve) sinned against God. The difference with the two religions however is the fact that whereas in Christianity is it believed that the sin of Adam and Eve lives on and makes all humankind sinful, thus the need for salvation, Islam believes that the sin of Adam and Eve were forgiven and that generations thereafter bears no condemnation of the first sin. The Answering Islam Organization terms this situation as the originality of sin. According to the organization, â€Å"Christianity teaches that the effects of original sin have corrupted the world and the human beings who exist in it.† â€Å"In Islam, however, there is no such a thing as original sin. The Qur'an does indeed state that Adam and Eve sinned, but according to Islamic belief, they repented and were fully forgiven so that their sin had no repercussions for the rest of human race.† From the above discussion, it can be said that in Islam, the need for salvation arises because various individuals sin against God and therefore need His forgiveness, which is also termed salvation. The reason why salvation is needed is however different with Christianity because with the Christian believe, everyone born of a woman needs salvation right from birth because we each inherit the sins of Adam and Eve. It is therefore not surprising that in Christianity, good deeds are separated from being saved. In the Christian setting, because each person comes to the world with some sins, no matter how generous or morally upright a person may be; if the person does not get saved (salvation), his or her good deeds are not justified by God. Conclusively, both religions believe that humankind need salvation but the reason or need for salvation is different. After establishing that in Christianity people need salvation because they inherit sin but in Islam people need salvation because of their personal sin, the question then becomes, for whatever reason that a person may need salv ation, how is salvation granted in the sight of the two religions? On how to attain salvation, there is a clear similarity among the two religions. From the Epistle of James chapter two, we read; â€Å"What good is it, my brothers, if a man claims to have faith but has no deeds? Can such faith save him (Verse 14)? In the same way, faith by

Stages of ego development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stages of ego development - Essay Example One of the main issues that arose between Freud and Adler was whether to define ego development as an ongoing process or a series of separate stages. According to Jane Loevinger (1996), the ego is separated into eight separate stages each bearing their own characteristics. The first stage is the impulsive stage, the stage that young children occupy. At this stage, the child is selfish and self-absorbed while being dependent upon the adult. The second stage is the self-protective stage in which a person is usually seeking opportunities and is manipulative in order to get their own way. The third stage is the conformist stage in which people tend to reform their behavior and are concerned about impressions they make. The next three stages that are the self aware, conscientious, and individualistic stages respectively are a person’s stepping-stones to forming their identity and individual personality. The last two stages which are Autonomous and Integrated occur when a person is satisfied with their position in life and has achieved a distinct identity for him/herself as an individual (Loevinger, 1996). References Hy, L., Loevinger, J. (1996) Measuring Ego Development. Springer. Loevinger, J. (1996). â€Å"The meaning and measurement of Ego Development.† American Psychologist. Volume 21, Issue 2, pp. 195-206.

Ludwig van Beethoven Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Ludwig van Beethoven - Essay Example Beethovens hearing began to decrease when he was in his twenties. After some years, he became completely deaf. Despite this, Beethoven continued to play piano. Beethoven established his career in Vienna in 1792. Thereafter Beethoven composed many works of a wide range and maturity style. In Vienna his main guide was Joseph Haydan. He received immense financial support in this place and continued to stay there. Between 1798 and 1802, Beethoven composed 2 important pieces of music, the string quartet and the symphony. Thereafter, he composed many pieces of music which were published and earned him some decent income. During this time, Beethoven taught piano to many famous personalities. Beethovens health began to deteriorate since 1811. Due to physical and emotional problems he dropped out of composition in early 1813. Thereafter he suffered from several emotional, personal, physical and financial problems. In the end of 1813, Beethoven did do some composition which actually became a hit. But again, after that, he developed prolonged illness. The ninth symphony came out in 1817. Since 1825, Beethovens health worsened and he died in

Propaganda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Propaganda - Essay Example The first image which represents the Nazi propaganda under the leadership of Hitler strongly suggests that the medium used by Hitler in his propaganda has been very effective. Hitler was able to successfully win the trust and support of its people in Germany. In fact, â€Å"even the youngest want to take Hitler’s picture†6. The second image is similar with the first image in the sense that Obama also managed to use effective medium in his propaganda. This explains why Obama won in the presidential election in the United States. â€Å"Time† is all about being able to disseminate the message across the target audiences at the right moment of time7. Hitler’s and Obama’s timing was both made at the right moment. For instance, to win the support of the majority of the Americans for his presidential campaign back in 2008, Obama’s propaganda is to create more jobs and make healthcare accessible to all8, 9. The timing of Obama’s propaganda was just right since majority of the people has been badly affected by the economic recession in the United States. ... Hitler was known for being a totalitarian12. Therefore, to win the people’s trust, he publicly announced that one of his goals is to gather the German people together so as to establish a national body strong enough to â€Å"resist destruction†13. All types of propaganda are based on either the â€Å"truth† of what most people assume to be the truth14. For example, Hitler said that â€Å"if the negative forces of destruction are to be overcome, the positive forces of preservation must be enhanced†15. Without the application of critical thinking, it is true that strengthening the positive forces is necessary to counteract the negative forces that will trigger destruction in a society. But, if one is to analyze Hitler’s statement carefully, people who are against his political agenda are considered as â€Å"the negative forces of destruction†16. Therefore, â€Å"positive forces of preservation† is actually referring to the need to remove all people who are against his political agenda17. Unfortunately, there is a hidden truth in all propagandas. Because of Hitler’s personal desire to manipulate and control the social order throughout the entire Germany, millions of people who were against his propaganda suffered and died18. On top of those who died in the battlefields, almost 6 million Jews and other less dominant races were murdered under his leadership19. Even though the political propaganda of Barak Obama was based on â€Å"a good cause†, it is clear that there is a personal interest behind the â€Å"observable truth† which is to create and offer more jobs for the local people20. It is true that each person has the right to receive health care services. However, if

Philosophy Principles of sound reasoning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy Principles of sound reasoning - Essay Example The principle of non-contradiction is a principle that is applicable in philosophical reasoning: It asserts that it is not correct to posit that something is correct while at the same time claiming it is correct. The discussion will attempt to explicate whether some of the commonly used tautologies are contradictory in nature. Additionally, it will explore on whether some tautologies are logically equivalent as well as provision of insights whether some contradictions are contingent. Moreover, the discussion will focus on elaboration of some contingents and determine whether they are logically equivalent in nature. The corpus of logically equivalent tautologies entails a scenario where two different forms of statements have similar truth. On the other hand, the concept of tautology exists in compound statements that are usually true in nature no matter what circumstance it is presented. It is a fact that some tautologies are logically equivalent. It is a fact that some tautologies are usually logically equivalent. For example; this can be presented in the Venn diagram below: The Venn diagram below indicates a scenario where A represents animals with mammary glands and B represents all mammals. The point of intersection represents A&B; meaning A can be B and B can be A. In this regard the first premise indicating that all mammals have mammary glands, which is valid. The second statement is also valid indicating that any animal with mammary glands are mammals. In philosophical dimensions, the aspect of contingency alludes to statements that seem possible untrue or even true when exposed to possible valuation. When a contingency is proposed it may not be necessarily false or to some extent necessarily true. Contradictions are usually true statements that exhibit true nature or could be true in regard to the facet of communication. In this regard, all contradictions may be viewed and contingent in nature.

Case analysis for business negotiation Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis for business negotiation - Case Study Example Moreover, this was likely due to the high labor costs in France as well as the increasing inputs of the production process. With this baseline of understanding established, the CEO then went on to elaborate upon how labor costs and inputs within Slovakia are measurably cheaper than in France (approximately 30% on the whole). In such a way, such an approach would definitively save money in the long run. Finally, anecdotal evidence is given with regards to the fact that other large firm such as Peugeot and Sony had recently relocated their operations from France to Slovakia and had experience and measurable increase in overall growth and profitability as a result. 2. How did this CEO communicate to the media the closing of the plant and its relocation to Slovakia from becoming a national issue? One of the first reasons that any level of media hype is generated is with regards to the level and extent to which leaks of the information reveal a sensational story that the media cannot resi st. In such a way, the strategy of closure within this particular case was handled with the utmost care. This was facilitated I insisting that all individuals who were cognizant of these changes sign a nondisclosure agreement and remain very tightlipped within the firm as well as without with regards to the facts that closure was soon it likely to take place. In this way, once the information was released, the firm had fully anticipated the response and was able to manage the story in a way that did not create a sensation or make stakeholders feel as if they had been kept in the dark with regards to such a decision. 3: What were the negotiating strategies used to reach the agreement? With regards to the negotiating strategies used to reach the agreement of plant closure, these were necessarily concentric around cooperation, analysis of the situation from multifaceted viewpoint, and general secrecy. Although the first to have been briefly enumerated upon, the general secrecy might ne cessarily be viewed as a negative aspect. However, the negative externalities of not keeping a closely guarded secret with regards to the means by which the plant would close might necessarily harm each and every stakeholder within the entire process. By making the information known prior to a formal strategy being elaborated upon, the situation would necessarily unfold in and out of hand manner without the CEO or top management being able to be directed in any way shape or form. From the firm’s perspective, such an eventuality would mean in much higher cost with regards to the payments that they would be due to the labor unions. 4: What are the pitfalls to be avoided when negotiating with the labor union representatives? By engaging early with the labor unions, the firm was able to experience a â‚ ¬1 million savings by reducing costs that would otherwise have been associated with payoffs to the union that were required. This was able to be effected simply by assuring them that all employees 55 years or older would be a able to draw an early pension from the plant shuttering. In this way a cooperation strategy was employed. Furthermore a bond of trust between the firm and the union representatives was established prior to the shuttering of plant. This was leveraged when the bad news was delivered to the union as a means of creating a situation in which the union

Distribution Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Distribution Strategy - Case Study Example An online platform will allow us to distribute the product across the county with ease and with relatively low cost-related dynamics. We will create an easy-to-maneuver website where customers can access information pertinent to the product as well as buy products at the comfort of their homes or workplaces. Aside from the website, we will develop a smartphone application with an easy to use interface which will increase our competitiveness. Statistics document a large number of the county residents are technologically savvy and have access to mobile phones and computers. This works to our advantage. Increasing the number of distribution channels ensures a greater customer base, increased productivity and enhanced profit-making potential. Therefore, to increase sales volumes, we will employ services of sales representatives, intermediaries, local distributors and incorporate direct distribution methods in our distribution strategy whenever necessary so as to increase accessibility of Old-Timer.The firm has already made provisions to purchase 5 delivery vehicles to facilitate transportation. These vehicles will be strategically scheduled to commute and avail the product to all markets. Through establishing strategic partnership with key players in the industry, we will ensure that our product is in supply stores, supermarkets, established care centers and nursing homes countywide. Our target market is specifically women aged above 35 years and the younger generation willing to purchase the product for their parents.

Communicating Effectively with Someone Who is Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing Essay

Communicating Effectively with Someone Who is Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing - Essay Example Barnett (2002) states that effective communication is essential and will undoubtedly lead to good outcomes in assisting patients. Effective communication will lead to better management in healthcare. There are important skills that could significantly facilitate communicating with patients who are deaf or hard-of-hearing, and these skills will be discussed in this essay. B. Skills that contribute to effective hearing According to Power and Power (2004, p. 350), acquisition of communication skills enables students to work effectively as healthcare providers. Skills required to deal with particular patients depend on the individual and will vary with age. Steinberg et al. (2006, p. 262) add that the majority of those with hearing issues are elderly. They report poor health as compared to general population, an issue which is attributed to communication. Effective communication helps the deaf and those hard-of-hearing to give their medical history and have appropriate intervention. The health care provider is required to assess the deaf or hard-of-hearing person’s background, language knowledge and level of education to select the best skills to use in communication (Samady et al., 2008, p. 480). Barnett (2002) notes that the deaf or hard-of-hearing use sign language, especially if they grew up with the challenge from childhood. Some learn to use visual language such as reading of lips. Those who become deaf or hard-of-hearing in adulthood experience hardships in mastering communication skills. However, they have the advantage of having been able to speak; therefore, it becomes easier to communicate in the same language. Power and Power (2004, p. 350) reveal that a combination of verbal and non-verbal skills is required for effective communication with deaf or hard-of-hearing patients. These skills include speech reading or lip reading; writing; listening to speech; mastering a system of visual language; and visual aids or using an interpreter. For effectiv e communication, a combination of one, two or more of the skills may be necessary. Speech reading is common with people who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. They learn as they grow, depending on the common language used. The major challenge with speech reading is that not all speech sounds are represented on the lips during speech. For speech reading to be successful, there should be a distance and enough light to see the lips of the speaker. The conversation should not be done in a hurry. Avoid sounds that may cause discomfort (Meador & Zazove, 2005, p. 219). Lezzoni et al. (2010, p. 356) claim that visual aids have been successfully used and can be used in the healthcare context. Healthcare providers can use diagrams, pictures or charts to make clarifications and show medical terminology. Those who can only hear will listen and only give gestures as a reply. They may nod, smile, shake hands and use other gestures to communicate. The gestures will vary depending on the community where they live. O’Hearn (2006) adds that visual aids should be clear and correctly labeled. When they are used, they should be placed close to the speaker so that eye contact is maintained. Visual language is

Theory Of Constaints Assignment Essay Example for Free

Theory Of Constaints Assignment Essay Question 1:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Highlight the production management philosophy and principles of TOC Any manufacturing company’s success is dependent on how well its resources perform, in other words the level of performance of its factory. The factory’s performance is in turn constrained by the manufacturing infrastructure and is hence designed so as to suit the company’s strategy related to the products and their quantities. Production management essentially takes the company’s strategic requirements in terms of its key competitive objectives, for instance shorter lead time, low cost etc. , and translates them into schedule for the factory environment in terms of inventory, job sequencing and time table etc., so that these objectives are met (Childe, 1997, p.28). In an industrial environment, there are always constraints that affect the throughput of a system in terms of quantity or quality of product delivered or the delivery time (Lange Ziegenbien, 2005, p.1).Some of these constraints are bottlenecks i.e. resources whose availability is less than the demand placed on them, while others are potential bottlenecks or Capacity Constrained Resources CCRs i.e. resources who utilization is close to capacity and in case of non-optimal utilization may become bottleneck (Telsang, 2002, p. 518). Theory of Constraints was developed to address such practical problems in manufacturing. This theory given by Goldman and Cox in their famous book Goal is basically a productions and operations management strategy dealing with the CCRs i.e. potential bottlenecks in an industry environment (Quassin, 2000, p.3). According to Goldman and Cox, the goal of all the manufacturing companies is to make money (quoted, Childe, 1997, p.29). Hence according to them the success for any manufacturing company would come if they can properly identify the aims to their business and then deal with the constraints which would prove to be present or potential bottlenecks in achieving the goal (Childe, 1997, p.115) The Theory of Constraints was developed in over a decade’s period, by the Israeli Physicist Dr. Eliyahu M Goldratt based on his observations of certain common characteristics that effect system operations (Dettmer, 1998, p.11). This combined with his thoughts comprises the Theory of Constraints TOC, which is a collection of principles, a set of generic tools and the specific applications of these tools. The principles explain the management actions and the various interactions between processes. The tools are methods that can be used to apply these principles in specific instances, while the applications are the instances where these tools have been successfully applied in these situations many times so that they can be considered as generic solutions to the problems. Hence, the TOC is still evolving to this day (Dettmer Schragenheim, 2000, p.13). Among the principles of TOC, the most basic are three key assumptions about constraint management, five focusing steps to guide the system and three measures to assess whether the actions being taken at the local level are producing the desired results at the global level. Assumptions – TOC is based on three interrelated premises:   Every system has a goal and asset of necessary conditions that must be satisfied if the goal has to be achieved, The overall system’s performance is more than just the sum of its component performances, and Very few factors or constraints, often only one, limit a system’s performance at any given time (Ronen, 2005, p.21) Five Focusing Steps – Goldratt created five steps as a way to make sure that the management focuses on the process for continuous improvement Identify the system’s constraint, Decide how to exploit the system’s constraint, Subordinate everything else to the decision taken in the step above Evaluate alternative ways to elevate the constraint Return to the 1st step in case the system constraints have been changed (Srinivasan, Jones Miller, n.d., p.136) Evaluation – The evaluation of the operating decisions can be done by the three financial yardsticks which are provided by the constraint theory – Throughput (T), Inventory or Investment (I), and Operation Expense (OE) (Dettmer Schragenheim, 2000, p.40). These form the yardsticks because as mentioned earlier, according to Goldman and Cox, the goal of all the manufacturing companies is to make money (quoted, Childe, 1997, p.29) Question 2:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Describe how TOC can help to prioritize the most profitable high impact initiatives within a production environment The use of Theory of Constraints in the production management was initially done to solve the problems of bottlenecks, scheduling and inventory reduction (Wang, 2002, p. 149). Industry’s aim to achieve the goal of making money has been traditionally achieved by reducing the operating costs. The logic is that every dollar that is saved adds up to the profit. A compelling reason for adopting such a measure is that the costs can be controlled. The next step is to reduce the inventory while increasing the throughput is the last priority with the production managers. Japanese saw the value that can be achieved by reducing the inventory and hence put this as their first priority. They developed what is known as the Just-in-Time philosophy. For doing this the pipeline needs to be kept flowing i.e. a pull phenomenon, which correspondingly increases the importance of increasing the throughput to being the second highest priority (Dettmer Schragenheim, 2000, p.44). However, according to Goldratt’s Constraint theory, the highest priority should be given to increasing the throughput, while reducing the inventory or investment should have the second priority and reducing the operating expense should be the last priority (Bushong Talbott, 1999, p. 2). The reason for this is in the traditional methods, the production managers were assuming that an infinite amount of hours were available in each factory’s work and machines, which is not practically possible. Hence, Goldratt began by assuming that the manufacturing company is essentially a system with machines and people available for finite periods of time per day or week or month. He further assumed that at any instant in time only one factory or resource could prove to be a bottleneck in achieving the goal of making money. Hence, it followed that if this bottleneck was running to its full capacity, increasing the speed of the other centers would not do any good, as the speed of this particular centre would not increase (McMullen, 1998, p.105). This can also be explained as follows. Theoretically the any of the constraints could vary from zero to infinity, but practically the operating expense and inventory cannot be reduced under zero, neither can the throughput be increased till infinity. However, the practical limits for reducing the operating expense and the inventory are actually much higher than zero. This is because the manufacturers have to spend money on them in order to make money from the end products using these investments as inputs. While the practical limits for increasing the throughput is still much less than infinity, but its potential for adding up to the profits is much higher than the potential to do the same using cost-cutting. Cost-cutting is also risky in nature, because there is always the danger of spending less than what is required which would directly impact on the quality, and hence the inventory too in the long run (Dettmer Schragenheim, 2000, p.44). The management philosophy of Theory of Constraints can hence be viewed into three separate areas which are interrelated: logistics, performance management and logical thinking. Logistics includes the drum-buffer-rope scheduling, buffer management and VAT analysis. Using these tools, the tasks are scheduled in a production environment and prioritized. The next area is the Performance measurement which includes the Throughput, Inventory, the operating expense and the five focusing steps which have been discussed earlier. The thinking process tools help in identifying the root-problem (current reality tree), identifying and expanding win-win solutions (evaporating clouds and the future reality tree), and developing the implementation plans (prerequisite tree and transition tree) (Stein, 1997, p. 199). .DBR Scheduling – The basis for the DBR or drum-buffer-rope scheduling is the factory’s primary constraint which could be a present or potential bottleneck. This primary constraint acts as the drum for the DB scheduling. This scheduling process produces the schedule of what jobs to be produced and in what order on the drum. A time element known as the buffer is then used to establish the realistic commitment dates for the operation and its deadline. Another time element called the rope determines the schedule for introducing additional tasks and materials into the work process flow of the operation. Each task or batch in the drum schedule has a buffer and a rope time element. There are other time elements in the buffer also which when taken as a group form the time buffers (McMullen, 1998, p.106). This DBR scheduling process synchronizes the entire work throughout the factory, and creates a synchronized manufacturing state by basing all the schedules on the drum schedule or the bottleneck. In addition to this, it also provides feedback and control process which is known as buffer management. The function of the buffer management system is to ensure that all the other factory resources which are non-constrained are working on the right jobs, at the right times in the sequence, and in the right production batch quantities such that the schedules are supported from the drum task and customer deliveries are met. Finally all the non-constrained by definition have some spare capacity. While this is not excess capacity and can be used in the productive or protective sense, the scheduling of these is also important so as not to have excess inventory or investment condition. This is taken care by introducing the time buffers, discussed earlier, in the DBR schedule such that no production is lost at the drum. The extension of this process into the dynamic buffering can be used for fine-tuning the extra capacity (McMullen, 1998, p.107). Hence, this scheduling process reliable delivery schedules for the customers, because the schedules are based on finite capacity assumption instead of the erroneous infinite capacity assumption (Bushong Talbott, 1999, p. 3). Question 3:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discuss how you will implement the proposed philosophy in order to rescue a sick hypothetical organization The prior section dealt with the drum-buffer-rope i.e. DBR scheduling, which is the TOC production planning methodology. As the aim of the TOC is to see to it that the constraint does not effect the production schedule, the DBR takes care of the weakest link i.e. the drum, schedule i.e. the buffer, and deadline i.e. the rope (Greeff Ghoshal, 2003, p. 70). In addition to the DBR scheduling, a buffer management scheme was also described above, which is needed to monitor the entire process. In the tradition approach, the DBR scheduling was used as the planning process and the buffer management was used to monitor the plan’s progress. In the present scenario, the DBR and buffer management process are dynamic and offer continuous feed backs to the production manager so that he can improve upon the system. As was mentioned in the first section, throughput is the primary are of focus of the TOC arrangement. The throughput is the money generated by the system after taking out the external costs, and this should be maximized for the profits to increase according to the theory of constraints. However, the implementation of TOC is not very easy in a practical situation, and in many cases it necessitates a change in the entire way a company operates. This difficulty can be explained by a simple example as follows. A company has identified that for increasing the its throughput, there is a need for producing the product and selling it with the lower sale price per product unit. As of now the company compensated its sales forces on a commission basis, based on the percent of sales and the people in this department try to sell their products with the highest sales price. This means that the company would need to develop an entirely new way of compensating its sales force. There might be further problems if the arrangement is not satisfactory enough to the sales people, which might lead to a drop in the sales – quite opposite to the goal of the company. Care should also be taken to remember that TOC is a dynamic management process. This means that the task does not end after finding out the constraint. On the contrary, the management should continuously analyze to see if this factor can be increased or some other factor might become a constraint. Such analysis should be made regularly and the options should be revised. In addition to this, continuous analysis should be made to check the operating expenses and inventory and investments should also be minimized (Bushong Talbott, 1999, p. 4). Example The above theories will be explained by taking an example below. First the basic system application is given using the TOC to explain the various constraints of the system. After this the complete system is shifted to a plant, which is a sick unit and steps are given to convert this plant into a optimal unit. Basic System and Constraints The example has a manufacturing unit which is essentially a machine that cuts silicon wafers into individual chips (Anderson, 2003, p. 30). The number of wafer cut by this machine in a unit time without getting overloaded is the constraint of the machine and the primary constraint of the entire manufacturing system. For instance, the machine can cut on 100 wafers per hours. In this case, it would be immaterial to get more raw materials since the constraint would still not be affected in this case. Now that the constraint of the system has been identified, a decision must be made on how to minimize its constraining ability on the system. The utilizing capacity of the constraint must be maximized i.e. the Capacity Constrained Resource, in this case the machine, must be fully utilized and must never be idle. Every unit of production that is lost on this system is a unit lost to the complete system (Anderson, 2003, p. 29). This constraint can be protected from being idle by providing a buffer or queue of raw materials for it to cut. For this example, let us assume that each wafer can be cut into 25 chips. That is to say 4 wafers would be needed by the machine per hours. This follows the generalization that the constraints are protected by buffers. The queue of silicon wafers in this case would be physical buffer of inventory.   In addition to this protecting a constraint is a necessary part of exploiting a constraint to the full (Anderson, 2003, p. 29). In case of the manufacturing system, the manufacturing unit can be protected from starvation or idle moments, by providing a buffer of silicon wafers. The unit also needs to be protected from power interruptions and surges, by providing a uninterruptible power supplies, and further giving a backup generator. The manpower related constraint can be sorted out by working the machine in three shifts by people of eight hours each, so that the machine is utilized for 24 hours per day. Finally the quality related issues can be sorted out by performing a quality check on the wafers prior to being set on the queue, to ensure that only good quality wafers are passed on to the manufacturing unit. In case of TOC care should be taken to ensure that subordination of all the activities are obtained to take care of the constraint (Anderson, 2003, p. 31). As can be seen in the example a decision is taken to see that the manufacturing unit is the constraint of the system, a and hence steps have been taken to take care of this constraint and utilize he machine for obtaining the maximum productivity. Ti subordinate all other activities to this decision, the flow of inventory should be regulated from the factory gate to the wafer cutting machine. The rate of sending the wafer to the machine should be same as the rate of the machine to entirely cut the wafer. Here, the rate of the cutter is the drum. The inventory of the factory gate to the cutter is the rope and a buffer in front of the cutter to prevent it from getting idle is the buffer. Plant as a Sick Unit Suppose that there are 10 such systems in a plant which is a sick unit. There are problems with excess inventory, the quality of wafers produced, the throughout is varied and is not stable and there are problems with delays between the operations with long periods where the machines are idle and others where there is extra load on the machines. The primary problem here is to streamline the operations. The basic constraint is already mentioned in the prior section i.e. the number of wafers that can be cut by a unit. This cannot be changed and must be utilized to the maximum. All the remaining actions must be subordinate to this activity such that the constraint or the drum is taken care. First of all the machines as a total can process 1000*10 =1000 wafers in a hour, which means 4*10 = 40 wafers must be passed to the machines per hour (as each wafer can be cut into 25 chips). Now that this has been decided, the queuing systems should ensure that the wafers are taken from the resource gate and passed to the machines. The easiest way of doing this would be to pass 4 sets of wafers per hour, after every 45 minutes 4 more wafers would be passed to the machines. This means that there would be enough time for checking the quality of the wafers and passing them to the machines, without worrying about the exact synchronization of each wafer to rate at which a machine cuts them. This would also take care of the idle periods of the machines, as in this case the machines would always have one wafer to cuts, by which time the other 4 wafers would be sent to it. The inventory would be controlled too. In addition, the throughput would be at a constant rate. Finally, the technique would also ensure that the burden on the quality checkers and machine operators is minimal. In the former case, the quality checkers could have a quality check wafers ready for a couple of hours advance, which would be passed to the machines every three quarters of an hours, which means these people do not need to be on job 24 hours a day. Also, the machine operators would have more time to check the power supply and other maintenance issues, while checking if the new wafer lot has been passed or not. The above example gives the implementation of Theory of Constraints method to a sick unit, to make it operate in an optimized way. The example taken is a very simplistic application which can be solved easily using the single DB technique. References Books Anderson DJ, 2003, Agile Management for Software Engineering: Applying the Thoery of Constraints for Business Results, New Jersey: Prentice Hall PTR Childe SJ, 1997, An Introduction to Computer Aided Production Management, 1st Edition, London: Chapman Hall Dettmer HW, 1998, Breaking the Constraints to World-Class Performance, Milwaukee: ASQ Quality Press Dettmer HW, Schragenheim E, 2000, Manufacturing at Warp’s Speed: Optimizing Supply Chain Financial Performance, Florida: CRC Press Greeff G, Ghoshal R, 2004, Practical E-Manufacturing and Supply Chain Management, Oxford: Elsevier McMullen TB, 1998, Introduction to the Theory of Constraints (Toc) Management System, Florida:  CRC Press Ronen B, 2005, The Theory of Constraints: Practice and Research, Amsterdam: IOC Press Stein RE, 1999, The Theory of Constraints Applications in Quality and Manufacturing, New York: CRC Press Telsang M, 2002, Industrial Engineering and Production Management, New Delhi: S Chand Company Ltd. Wang JX, 2002, What Every Engineer Should know about Decision Making Under Uncertainty, New York: CRC Press Online Articles Bushong JG, Talbott JC, 1999, The CPA in Industry: An Application of the Theory of Constraints, The CPA Journal, April 1999 Issue, http://www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/1999/0499/Departments/D530499.HTM, Article Accessed on 18th September 2007. Lange I, Ziegenbien A, 2005, The Constraints Game – Learning the Theory of Constraints with a Dice Game, 9th International Workshop on Experimental Interactive Learning in Industrial management New Approaches on Learning, Studying and Teaching, http://www.simlab.tkk.fi/events/lange.pdf, Article Accessed on 18th September 2007. Quassin RY, 2000, The Theory of Constraints in Manufacturing, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences, J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci.  vol.22  no.4  Rio de Janeiro, 2000, http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0100-73862000000400001script=sci_arttext, Article Accessed on 18th September 2007. Srinivasan M, Jones D, Miller A, n.d., Applying the Theory of Constraints Principles and Lean Thinking at the Marine Corps Maintenance Centre, Defense Acquisition Review Journal, http://www.dau.mil/pubs/arq/2004arq/Srinivasan.pdf, Article Accessed on 18th September 2007.

Describe How Income Flows Into The Organisation Where You Work Nursing Essay

Describe How Income Flows Into The Organisation Where You Work Nursing Essay Cash inflow, as defined by Brideau (2004) is the measurement of the movement of cash into the organization, usually generated from operating, investing and financing activities. The components of cash flow must be visible on a planner so that it will be easily understood exactly what occur. Without cautious monitoring of the cash flow, the organization may not have the profit realization as they scheduled it (Donaldson Gerard, 2005). Hence, by having the knowledge of how income flows into ones organization is vital. So, corrective actions can be done to prevent incidents that may run the organization into economic failure. The current clinical setting where I work in is conveniently located at the annex block of Mount Elizabeth hospital. The unit consists of 24 beds, involving a team of 32 healthcare workers, ranging from doctors, nurses, pharmacists and laboratory technicians. Our center is mainly specialized in haematological disorders such as anaemia, leukaemia, thalasemmia and so on. Majority of our patients are those who required blood transfusion, Bone Marrow Aspiration (BMA) and chemotherapy. Primarily, the core income will be coming from the consultation fees generated by our team of haematologists. Beside consultation fees, procedural fees commonly involved are BMA, intra-thecal chemotherapy and insertion of Central Venous Catheter (CVC). On the nursing part, services provided for patients normally include blood taking, blood transfusion, performing dressing to CVC site and giving injections to post chemotherapy patients to boost their immunity. Furthermore, our clinic is involved in the blood donation drive and counselling is mandatory for both the donors and recipients. All the above mentioned services delivered would drive income into our department. Currently, the nurses have the authority to recommend some of the topical skin moisturiser for patients undergoing chemotherapy, who will usually encounter dry skin conditions. Hence, this will further increase the income flow into the department. A built in laboratory and a pharmacy are also available in our clinic, which provide blood test services and dispensing of medicines respectively. External funding and donations from other organisations also constitute part of the income flow into our department. In general, our revenue is generated through a variety of means, along with billable patient services, investments and donations to the organization. Specific unit-based revenue is generated through billing for services such as invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, physical therapy and so on. Revenues are also arising through the provision of multiple services overtime, such as hourly rates for chemotherapy administration or blood transfusion. Hence, nurses need to be informed and partner with the management team to generate revenue and control expenses in relation to patient care (McCue et al, 2003). Ultimately, these are the ranges of services available in the clinic that will be involved in the generating of income flow. 2. Critically evaluate the steps you would take when reviewing the skill mix in your own clinical setting. Discuss how you might balance the financial implications of your actions? The challenge in healthcare is to ensure that quality of care and the calibre of the staffs are not comprised in this ever-changing, cost-controlled environment. Many healthcare organizations are looking into skill mix (SM) as a potential solution to healthcare service delivery problem. As stated by Adam et al (2003), SK is the percentage of registered nurses (RNs) to other direct care staffs such as enrolled nurses (ENs) and SM plays a critical role in improving organization effectiveness and the quality of care. So what is the specific role of the RNs and ENs based on my current clinical setting? These questions need to be answered prior to the reviewing of the skill mix in the clinical setting. Serrano Slunecka (2006) stated that, the RNs are responsible for patient assessment, diagnosis, care planning and evaluation, whereas, the ENs are trained to perform bed-side duties such as bathing, feeding, toileting and ambulating patients. In my current setting, our main issue is inadequate staffing due to inappropriate SM. As evidenced by Gillies (2003), insufficient staff is the most common contributing factor causing negligent of patients, thus, leading to poor quality of care. Hence, significant steps must be taken to efficiently establish a staffing pattern, a plan that articulates how many and what kind of staffs are required per shift to staff a unit of department (McCue et al, 2003). We must first examine the following factors and take into consideration that a novice nurse takes longer to accomplish the same task than an experienced one. The acuity of patients, the capabilities of the staffs, the complexity of the nursing task, the amount of supervision a RN will be able to provide and the number of available staffs assigned to accomplish the unit workload are the key points when reviewing SM in a clinical setting (Adam et al, 2003). For illustration, in an intensive care unit, the RNs skill mix will be much higher than in a nursing home where the skills of RNs are required to much lesser degree. Lastly, Hall et al (2004) stated that cost is associated with the nature of SM. In developing a staffing pattern that leads to a budget, it is important to benchmark against other organization with similar patients population. It is important to note that RNs hours of care are more costly than those of lesser skilled workers, hence, it is important to evaluate the patient care required and who can perform necessary functions (Hall et al, 2004). Allocating ENs appropriately and freeing RNs from uncalled for duties can assist in cost control. As evidenced by Rothberg et al (2005), it is cheaper to have ENs to perform supportive care than to have RNs to perform them. Therefore, SM is accountable for the distribution and consumption of resources. It is essential that nurses need to be informed and collaborate with the management team so that appropriates decisions can be made regarding cost-effective practices (McCue et al, 2003). The key is to have the right number and skill level of caregiver available to ensure safe, effective and appropriate care. 3. Develop a system which would enable you to audit your staffing expenditure on a monthly basis. Give a detailed critical discussion of your rationale underpinning your system. Table 1: Budgeting and spending of an individual staff Spending: Pay/wages Shift allowance Meal allowance Medical entitlement Total Spend/budget Spend/Budget Spend/Budget Spend/Budget Spend/Budget Spend/Budget Staff Nurse (1 year experience) $1500/$1500 $100/$100 $15/$22 $130/$350 $1745/$1972 Staff Nurse II (2 year experience) Senior Staff Nurse (5 year experience) $1700/$1700 $2300/$2300 $150/$150 $180/$180 $28/$28 $20/$30 $200/$600 $1320/$1200 $2078/$2478 $3820/$3710 Enrolled Nurse (1 year experience) Enrolled Nurse II (2 year experience) $1200/$1200 $ 1450/$1450 $75/$75 $125/$125 $15/$15 $28/$23 $110/$250 $250/$300 $1400/$1540 $1878/$1898 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Staff A $2970 $2800 $2900 $2700 $2890 $2700 $2900 $3000 $2700 $2830 $2790 $6800 Staff B $2900 $2910 $2900 $2780 $2810 $2700 $2800 $2780 $2730 $2700 $2890 $6500 Staff C $2550 $2500 $2520 $2300 $2600 $2650 $2400 $2600 $2420 $2520 $2490 $6000 Staff D $2570 $2500 $2400 $2450 $2500 $2420 $2400 $2450 $2430 $2530 $2340 $6100 Table 2 (12 month wages) Late for work Medical leave Patient compliments Staff A 0 1 0 Staff B 1 1 0 Staff C 15 0 1 Staff D 6 2 1 Table 3 (monthly audit for staff) Staffing expenditure (SE) generally accounts for the expenses associated with labours. According to Brambleby (2005), healthcare services are very labour intensive and it is estimated that salary and benefits accounts for 50% to 60% of an organization cost. As defined by Payne Keep (2004), staffing expenditure is determined by identifying the expenses of every staffs in the organization. SE is commonly broken down into monthly basic salary, staff benefits, allowances and lastly, annual increment and bonus. Besides the above listed, it is compulsory for every organization in Singapore to contribute 13% of total gross income to Central Provident Fund. In an organization, the first most common expense is the basic salary of every individual staff. However, the amount of salary a particular staff will be eligible to depend on their individual experience. Medical fees entitlement, staff allowances and benefits would include meal allowances and shift allowances, which would fluctuate every month within an individual pending on numbers of working years. Whereas, annual bonus and increment will depends on individual performance. Looking at Table 1, it keeps a record on the spending and budgeting of an individual staff based on their wages, meal allowance, shift allowance, medical fees and the total wages draw by the individual staff in the month of January. As for Table 2, in this table showed the collection data of the total wages each individual staff draw from January to December over a period of 12 month. Zooming in at the month of December in Table 2, all the staffs are drawing a higher wages as compare to all the other month. This is the amount of the annual bonus given to the individual staff. According to Kanji (2004), staff performance can be benchmarked by the number of utilized medical leave, the number of compliments from patients and the punctuality of the employees. By keeping a record of staff performance, it will reduce instance of bogus sickness, hence increase work productivity and increased job satisfaction of staffs (Murray Frenk, 2004). The system ensures that expenses are kept within the budgeted amount, revenue generated is consistent with projected productivity and standards and necessary corrective actions are carried out. You are required to give a detailed discussion how you would audit non-staff expenditure on a monthly basis in your clinical setting. What reasonable cost effective strategy would you implement in order to maintain best practice? _______________________________________________________ Jan Feb Mar Out Balance Out Balance Out Balance Gauze 100 150 90 180 130 100 Glove 20 40 20 50 35 20 Syringes 300 200 320 200 350 150 Needles 190 200 210 220 250 200 Dressing set 50 100 30 120 70 100 Alcohol swab 30 30 32 20 35 15 Figure 1 Jan Feb March Budget Spent Budget Spent Budget Spent New equipment $5000 $3000 $5000 $5500 $5000 $2000 Equipment Maintainers $1000 $800 $1000 $500 $1000 $500 Laundry $500 $300 $500 $600 $500 $550 Utility Bills $5000 $4500 $5000 $3500 $5000 $5000 Stationary $1000 $900 $1000 $500 $1000 $700 Figure 2 As stated by Payne Keep (2004), non-staff expenditure can be subdivided into direct expenses and indirect expenses. Direct expenses are associated with the patients, such as medical and surgical supplies and drugs. Whereas, indirect expenses are expenses for items such as utilities, comprising of gas, electricity, maintenance and support functions. Referring to Table 1, it displayed the number of consumables being utilized and its balance stock in a month. This stock inventory system is being performed on a monthly basis. On top of that, a First in first out system is being imposed, meaning those with the nearest expiry items should be placed at the outer shelf and to be used first. All these system will help to monitor the amount of usage of the items, preventing the wastage of unnecessary items which resulted from overstock or under-stock. Hence, by saving resources, it will enhance cost-effectiveness. While searching for a supplier, key points to look for will be an item of good quality and with the lowest cost. By exploring new products with vendor representatives and networks with colleagues, discussing the quality and cost differences of supplies with other staffs and management, who had tried both new and modified products, cost wastage can be reduced. Usually, bulk ordering will take place for frequently used consumables, thus, saving cost. Budget monitoring is generally carried out on a monthly basis, to ensure that revenue generated is consistent with projected productivity and standards. Staffs are encouraged to discuss the implementation or reinforcement of strategies that can positively affect the budget. For example, they should learn to plan for supplies needed for every patient encounter and consciously eliminate unnecessary items. Typically, budgets are monitored monthly because if deficiencies arise throughout the year, financial improvement plans can be instituted early. Corrective action is often initiated to prevent long-term effects in a particular area, such as wastage or loss of supply items. Therefore, by acquiring a working knowledge of how a department monitors financial and quality indicators, and participate in the development of actions is vital (McCue, 2003). It helps to increase patients satisfaction or to create the best patient experience. All these strategies act as a tool to foster collaboration with an organization because individuals must work together to achieve cost-effectiveness by utilizing consumables appropriately. You are required to describe in detail essential information which would enable you to successfully manage your staff and non-staff budget. From your information, what do you consider to be key issues in terms of successful management? An effective management encompassed the ability to develop a budgeting plan that would provide the necessary for staffs and effective nursing care. Only through effective planning can a balanced relationship between quality services and cost of services begin to be achieved. As Donaldson Gerard (2005) had stated, budgeting is an ongoing activity in which revenues and expenses care managed to maintain responsibility and health. A basic management plan through which all expenditures and revenues from all sources maybe projected and controlled is critical, so that excellent and cost-effective healthcare services can be delivered. Certain elements are necessary to establish an effective budgeting system. Firstly, according to Mitton Donaldson (2004), commitment to strategic planning is a basic requirement, where well-defined and objectives are developed. The budget should be an outcome of discussions at all levels and departments within the company related to priority setting in accordance with the companys goal, acknowledgement of achievements, responses to new demands and looking beyond the time frame of the ensuing year. Secondly, effective organizational structure and chart, presenting with clear and direct lines of authority is essential. As supported by Dixon (2005), it is only when authority is clearly defined, than an individual can be held responsible for the activities of the department. Hence, major objectives of the budget can be more easily accomplished. For example, the manager has the responsibility and accountability for managing the nursing budget; they are required to make all the decision on adjusting the nursing budget to manage the program and cost. This will include adding and removing programs, expanding and controlling the program and modification of revenues and expenses within the nursing department. Lastly, an uniform budget reporting system is required, so as to facilitate program monitoring and aids in strategic planning, ensuring that plan is updated by periodically and allowing the evaluation of the progress of the organization. An important factor is ensuring that the time period within which a service development must be achieved, the projected budget is able to balance against the complexity and defining area of scale of change required and the existing resources envelope (Fine, 2006). Overall, the process of setting and monitoring budgets should be an important part of both the planning and performance management cycle. It should always be remembered that within the resource package are included staff (clinical and non-clinical), equipments and building as well as money. An essential part of management planning process is to assess the ability of current resources to be used in new and different ways to meet changing needs and to increase the productivity of existing resources, while acquiring new resources (Murray Frenk 2000). By having a well-conceived budget in place, it is possible to foresee the results of quality standard of care; best practice in the organization.

Effects of Streaming on the Music Industry

Effects of Streaming on the Music Industry In the past couple of years, streaming has become one of the main ways to listen to music. With streaming is it having an Effect on the music industry that we have come to know of. This point has many Positive and Negative statement about the effects on the music industry. Some of the main Streaming Sites or Apps are Spotify, Pandora and Apple Music. With these streaming sites, many of the CEOs believe that their apps have helped the music industry from going into a decline in most of its sales. Or Artists believe it is helping the profile platform for Musicians. Results from streaming in the past couple of years are that the rates of piracy have heavily declined because of Apps like Spotify and Pandora. Spotify has been one of the main impacts on the music industry from 2015, Due to its free subscription to stream music. CEO of Spotify Daniel Ek, claiming Now, finally, after years and years of decline, music is growing again, streaming is behind the growth in music, and Spotify is behind the growth in streaming.(Hassan, C, 2016) Lars Ulrich drummer of Metallica believes Streaming is a good way for musicians and artist to get a higher profile on themselves. He also states Its a choice for the fan to be part of, its a choice for the artists who are involved in making their music available on streaming services. Its a choice by the record companies that represent the artist. Fifteen years ago those choices didnt exist.(BBC news) But besides all these Positives there have been many negative remarks on the topic. When Apple music did their 3-month free trial, the apple artist wasnt actually getting paid for the music that the members were streaming. Which has made a contribute to Taylor Swift pulling her music off of Apple music because of a high based disagreement over payment. Payment is also a factor that most people disagree with when it comes to Spotify or Apple Music. When a some is played on Spotify it has to be running for more than 30secs for the artist to get paid which can go from $0.004 for the smaller artist to $0.0084 for the well-known artist. Which in conclusion has made some famous artist non-eager to join Spotify. In the US the revenue for music sale has been hovering are $7Bil since 2010, which only went up by less than one percent from 2014 to 2015 to $7.02Bil. With this, Cds and Downloads have started to become abounded as streaming has now risen to become one of the number one platforms for music listeners. With all the contributing statements Does streaming effect the music industry you can tell that most people are with thinking that it is positive or negative, but you do get people who think that it is both with good reason to back themselves up. in future years to come will we see a drastic change in the music industry thanks to streaming?. Bibliography: Hassan, C, 2016 Spotify CEO Claims the Music Industry Would Be Dead Without Spotify http://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2016/02/17/71963/ Jones, R, 2016 Online Streaming drives increase in Australian Music Industry http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-11/online-streaming-drives-increase-in-australian-music-industry/7314660 Sisario, B Russell, K, 2016 Music sales remain steady but lucrative cd sales decline Is streaming good for Music 2015 http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-33526045 Iahn, B Streaming effect on the music industry https://themusicuniverse.com/streamings-effect-on-the-music-industry/ Wolf-Mann, E, 2015 Spotify Music Industry Revenues http://time.com/money/4086968/spotify-music-industry-revenues/ University, A, 2016 How streaming is changing the music industry http://au.blogs.american.edu/audio-technology/how-streaming-is-changing-the-music-industry/ Ellis-Petersen, H, 2016 Streaming revenues bring big boost to global music industry https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/apr/12/streaming-revenues-bring-big-boost-to-global-music-industry

Burr, Hamilton, & Jefferson: A study in character :: essays research papers

This is a controversial book that is well worth the read. The author comes at his subject from outside academe, albeit with impeccable credentials. Although he has authored nine books, has served as Director of the National Park Service and Director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History, and was once a White House correspondent for NBC, his approach remains outside the mainstream of history or journalism. To begin, it is refreshingly place-oriented and rich with detail of physical surroundings and personal relationships involving the nation's founders. The work is less successful in terms of the context of time. Roger Kennedy's study is not presented in strict chronological narrative, because it is a study in "character." Its analytical framework, however, is too value-laden, sometimes obscuring the political and social context of early nineteenth-century America. Kennedy sets up his straw men to praise and destroy, which is an easy feat from the vantage point of twenty-first-century morality. The book is, nonetheless, intellectually honest (the author admits his biases upfront and in the appendix), provocative, and ultimately instructive. He blasts certain points of historical consensus and bias through the skillful use of both evidence and conjecture. He utilizes firsthand accounts of friends and associates, as well as rascals and enemies, to convey multidimensional impressions of Burr, Hamilton, Jefferson, Washington, and others. There are no flat images here. Kennedy uncovers motivations that drove these men to do great (and not-so-great) things, which is definitely not an easy feat, especially in a prosopographical study that links the lives of its main characters. When the smoke dears, Burr comes away looking quite a bit better than reputation would have it; Hamilton emerges from a mixed review about the same; but Jefferson now looks decidedly worse--not at all the guy you think of smiling on that brand-new, shiny nickel. Burr and Hamilton were local rivals in New York politics. They had a sometimes close, but complex, relationship. When Hamilton played dirty politics (yet again) to keep Burr from becoming New York's governor, Burr uncharacteristically lost his self-control, called Hamilton out for a duel, and shot him dead in 1804. It is quite possible that Hamilton actually committed suicide, using Burr as the instrument. Afterwards, Burr took to referring to "my friend Hamilton, whom I shot." At any rate, Burr was vilified nationally for his deed, and Hamilton was less-than-deservedly martyred. Burr and Jefferson, on the other hand, were national political rivals.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

One of the things I like about small presses is that they'll take chances on authors who write about things outside of the mainstream. III Publishing has been one of my favorite sources for libertarian/anarchist fiction and science fiction ever since I picked up and totally enjoyed The Last Days of Christ the Vampire. Now they bring us two fine contributions to anarchist SF literature. If you loved George Orwell's Animal Farm, you'll love this "sequel." Many who have read Orwell's classic missed the basic underlying anti-authoritarian message, instead reading it as an allegory about the Soviet Union. In Anarchist Farm we find an extension of the philosophies underlying Animal Farm, but this time with a more upbeat outcome. Contemporary concerns such as ecocide and animal rights are also woven into this readable book. In fact, it is written in a style appropriate for teenage readers. As in Animal Farm, the main characters here are animals and they talk. They also have cute names. Pancho is a pig who has escaped from the regime that has taken over the farm portrayed in Animal Farm. He is befriended by some wild animals, who are later revealed to be the "Forest Defenders." The Defenders turn out to be very similar to Earth First! Pancho eventually finds a farm whose owner has recently died. In response to the death of their benevolent owner, the animals turn the farm into a successful anarchist collective. As the months roll by, the animal start to worry about what might happen to them when the humans come to auction off the farm. The ending will surprise you. It should also be mentioned that the book also deals with monkeywrenching and its consequences. Anarchist Farm is funny, thought-provoking, and inspiring. It's an excellent sequel to Animal Farm. Let's hope that a few more readers "get it" this time. A.D. is a science fiction story set in the U.S.A. in the near future. Radical changes have altered the very political geography of the continent: the Klux Klan Klan and other white supremacists control what was the southern U.S., the Nation of Islam controls what was the Midwest, and the West Coast is all that remains of the old U.S. "liberal democracy." Fred Hampton Rush Sr. is a middle-aged black man living in Chicago, which is now the capital city of the Lost-Found Nation of Islam in North America.

What gave rise to urbanisation in the mediterranean Essay -- essays re

â€Å"What gave rise to urbanisation in the Mediterranean region?† What is urbanisation? To ‘urbanise’ is to ‘make (a rural area) more industrialized and urban’ , urban meaning ‘of or living in a city or town’ . Marja C.V. Vink argues that â€Å"The word urbanization was used for the first time in Spain a little more than one hundred years ago† to show the â€Å"quantitative and qualitative growth if cities† . The degree of urbanisation is quite different when comparing towns or cities of antiquity to the modern understanding of an urban centre; however, essentially it is the same process. When talking about the rise of urbanisation in the Mediterranean region 3 main civilisations spring to mind, firstly the Greeks who were inspired by advanced civilisations of the Near East. Secondly, the Etruscans who ruled central Italy from the eighth century to the third century B.C. when the last Etruscan cities fell to Rome. Etruria was bordered to the south by the River Tiber and to the north by the River Arno. City states developed in Etruria in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C., and â€Å"by the last decades of the eighth century B.C. the centres which had undergone the process of urbanization and social diversification had acquired some of the status of cities.† Etruria flourished until the Gauls invaded in the fourth century B.C. From 616-509 Etruscan kings ruled over Rome. Finally, the Romans dating back to 753 B.C. with the founding of Rome by Romulus. Urbanisation is synonymous with cities. It seems impossible to consider a civilisation ‘urbanised’ if it does not have urban centres. So what is an urban centre? And why were these urban centres needed? Looking at what the cities consisted of can help one answer these questions. In Greece the most obvious choice for studying the process of urbanisation is Athens. I have chosen Marzabotto as the example of an urban centre for Etruria and finally, for the Roman Empire I have chosen Rome. These three cities all adapted to the needs of their population and the one thing common to all three is a cult centre. The first urban centres were certainly not Roman, however once urbanised Rome surpassed any of the Greek or former Etruscan cites in terms of monumentalisation. The Neolithic & Dark Age sees the beginning of domestication of plants and livestock, as well as the emergence of weaponry. With cultivation now possible peopl... ...biliography. Andersen, D., Urbanisation in the Mediterranean, 1997, Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen. Barker, G., and Rasmussen, T., The Etruscans. 1998, Blackwell Publishers. Boitani, F., et.al. Etruscan Cities. 1973, Cassell and Company, London. Camp, D.M., The Athenian Agora, 1986, London. Easterling, P.E., and Muir, J.V., Greek Religion and Society. 1985, Cambridge. Lassus, J. The Early Christian and Byzantine World, 1967, Paul Hamlyn, London. Owens, E.J., The City in the Greek and Roman World. 1991, Routeledge, London and New York. Rykwert, J., The Idea of a Town. 1999, The MIT Press, London and Cambridge. Tomlinson, R., From Mycenae to Constantinople: The evolution of the Ancient City, 1992, Routeledge, London and New York. Ward-Perkins, J.B., Cities of Ancient Greece and Italy: Planning in Classical Antiquity. 1974, George Braziller, New York. Collins New Pocket English Dictionary, Harper Collins Publishers, 1992 Websites http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/classics/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/22.html#8 http://www.anistor.co.hol.gr/english/enback/e992.htm http://www.localcolorart.com/encyclopedia/Minoan_civilization/ http://www.cedarland.org/trade.html

Just Some Revision Notes That I Made About Past Exams and That?

English Mock revision exam Read source 1, lifesaving with class, by Rory Stamp, from the RNLI magazine, the lifeboat. Question 1:- What do you learn about the beach article about the beach to city programme run by the RNLI? From the article we learn that that the beach to city programme is run by the RNLI (Royal National Lifeboat Institute) and also that they do good work as a charity which very little I known about them in some places. Their aim is to ‘educate children about the dangers of the seaside and how to stay away from trouble. They teach these skills to primary school children because it is said that they are highlighted as a ‘higher risk group’ who are most likely to be unaware of what the RNLI are about. The RNLI teach kids about keeping safe in the sun. They advise to ‘slap on a sun hat, slop on sun cream’ and ‘slip on a T-shirt’ to protect themselves from the sun. Furthermore the RNLI aim to make all their lessons memorable a s well as enjoyable, they do these things by getting the kids to take part in play-acting and getting grips with equipment.Their sessions also focus on the use of public equipment (PRE), they do this by respecting and using life rings, throwing lines and emergency communication are very important to them in particular. The advice the PRE give is also aimed towards school children in London. They managed to visit 30 schools there. In the Future the RNLI education team aim to add a fourth city to the beach tour and plan to continue their work as well as adding more for the coming years.Now read source 2, the article and the picture which goes with it is called, Trapped Chilean miners: rescue drill reaches their refuge at last by David Batty. Question 2:- Explain how the headline and picture are effective and how they link to the text. Straight away we see the image of the clown because of its amazing range of colours in its outfit the affectivity of the bright coloured clown in the im age is because it draws the readers in because most people look at the image before actually reading the article.The connotations of bright colours often put forward positivity and success this may suggest that the writer is happy about something and as we read on and look at the heading it is clear to us why the writer is overjoyed, because the Chilean miners have eventually been rescued also underneath the image it explains that the purpose of the clown in the image is to celebrate with the TV reporters after a drill reaches the miners.If we look closer into the picture we also see some people behind the clown, the reader is immediately intrigued because the reader wants to know why they are there so therefore would want to read the article; which tells us that the people behind the clown were in fact â€Å"the miners relatives who have camped there†. The fact they have camped out shows their support, encouragement and they have not given up or lost hope in rescuing their l oved ones. In the heading it reads that the â€Å"trapped Chilean miners; rescue drill reaches their refuge at last†.From this we can tell that the miners have gone through a lot of struggle to get out of the mine as we read on we realise that 33 Chilean have broken through into a underground chamber and were unfortunately trapped â€Å"since august†. Furthermore in the image alongside the clown is a news reporter celebrating with the clown, this shows us that this was a relevant and important issue that had happened and it was necessary for the news to report the story to the nation so that it makes people aware and interested also.Now read Source 3, saved, which is an extract from the non-fiction book. Question 3:- Explain some of the thoughts and feelings Parrado and Canessa have whilst searching for rescue. Straight away we can tell that Parrado is a positive man who is determined and is â€Å"spurred on by curiosity† and is eager to move forward and see wha t I at the end of valley whereas his companion Canessa has given up and lost all hope when Parrado encourages him to struggle on with him but he replies that he is â€Å"tired and could not go on†.As we continue to read we know learn that there is a â€Å"roaring noise which grew louder and louder† as they continued on moving. Both of these men were struck with shear fear as â€Å"panic entered the hearts of both of them† however for Parrado the panic soon turned into curiosity as he was â€Å"impatient† to find out what lay ahead. Unfortunately for Canessa he could not keep up and the panic that he had felt increased as he saw the only other being run faster and faster away from him into what he thought was danger when he said â€Å"You’ll get yourself killed! this may be perhaps he feels less optimistic and tired so has given up in being rescued and saved. When Parrado reaches the end of the valley his face was â€Å"wet with tears of joy† because he obviously felt relieved and pleased because he may have discovered a way out. After describing the sight of the â€Å"blessed valley† as â€Å"beautiful† their whole outlook on the situation changes. Their feelings change positively and a relieved by vision they are seeing. The boys feel tired of the stress and tension that was relieved as they are exhausted and rest by the river that is there.The two men feel as if they are in paradise and feel confident that they will be saved but are aware that they still have further to go and that the road that lay before them will be rough with â€Å"boulders the size of armchairs† to overcome in their fight for survival but they are both now feeling strong and confident enough to cross the river, even if though it is carrying huge boulders down with it. Now you need to refer to source 3, saved and either source 1 or 2. You are going to compare the two texts Question 4:- You are going to compare two texts, one of which you have chosen.Compare the ways in which language is used for effect in the two texts. Give some examples and analyse what the effects are. In source 3 Parrado and Cannesa were in an exhausted state as they were searching for rescue to come along and save them. They were both in pain and misery because they had run out of hope and thought that they were the only people left on the mountain. However to their surprise they heard a â€Å"roaring noise which grew louder and louder† the use of the repetition suggest that it was an unexpected menacing sound as if it was creeping up behind them.The fact that it was a â€Å"roaring sound† just adds to the effect of the mysteriousness that it creates for the reader, a sense of anticipation to see what the sound actually was. On the other hand in source 2 the reporter creates engagement with the audience and using evocative words such as â€Å"broken through†, â€Å"underground chamber† and â€Å"strand ed† at the beginning of the article to set a tone of excitement as well as sympathy and concern. The effect this has on the reader is that it makes the reader want to continue reading.In this case both sources make the audience want to continue reading by creating using enticing techniques to grab the reader’s attention. After describing the sight of the â€Å"blessed valley† as â€Å"beautiful† their whole outlook on the situation changes. Their feelings change positively and a relieved by vision they are seeing. The boys feel tired of the stress and tension that was relieved as they are exhausted and rest by the river that is there Question 5:- write an entry for your online blog which describes a time when you felt uncertain or unsure about a situation you were in and explain how you overcame it.Blog: A regular online piece of writing. There was a time in which I was unsure about a question that was asked to me when I was in primary school. Although som e people may find it funny that I have decided to talk about this. It brings up a range of emotions I felt when I was at a young age, which to be honest, I was not quite sure of myself. I felt baffled that I was all of a sudden the centre of attention. I was never use to being the person everyone watched. It felt uneasy and out of place. As if suddenly everyone’s eyes turned in menacing eagle eyes, ready to feast on their prey if I got the answer wrong.I chose to look towards the ground to avoid any eye contact as I stood up from my position to answer. Answer? Answer what? At that moment I felt completely clueless, and lost my train of thought. At that moment I wished the ground would have opened up and taken me some place I felt safe and away from the lingering looks. â€Å"Susan? † the voice said. Snapping out of my thoughts I realised I was still in that same position I was longingly hoping to get out of. The professionally dressed woman repeated her question, this time with a little more annoyance in her voice then last time. Okay Susan, time to get serious, you’ve done this before. You know what to do† I encouraged myself. A quick and silent sign escaped from my mouth as I was about to speak. â€Å"3 multiplied by 2 is 6, miss. † As soon as the words made their way out of my mouth I wanted to grab a shield and protect myself from what was about to come. â€Å"Well done† she said finally. Are my ears deceiving me? Did I really answer the question correctly? Although my face was calm and composed. Inside I felt as if a whole load of weight had just disappeared of my shoulders. As if I had be awarded with a million pounds. Sheer relief took over my body.I felt great. Question 6:- it has been said that â€Å"people who save lives or help improve lives of others are a true role models of today†. Write an article for a news paper for a newspaper in which you argue your view about what makes a good role model. As g ood role model is some who can teach you to do go things and tell you what is right and wrong. What is a role model if they cannot teach? They come in all types of backgrounds, whether it’s through music, dance or religion. I would agree that a good role model is someone who saves lives and improves lives of others. That is a great factor of a role model.Who wouldn’t want people like that living in their community, like local heroes saving people from the negativity life offers? In addition it is those people who are able to bring happiness and joy to families as well as give them hope. Some role models inspire people do great things like themselves, like brilliant dancers inspire people to get into dancing, as they hope to achieve what their role models have achieved. On the other hand others would argue that people who have done wrong don’t deserve to be role models and no longer have the right to teach and be taught valuable lessons.They do not deserve a seco nd chance to change and prove that they are worthy of being role models. They do not have a say in what society does. What about the people who haven’t necessarily been the holiest and most pleasant people to be around in the past. Once they have done badly they are forbidden to be heroes. What are they classed as then? Villains? Is this not prejudicing? You cannot judge someone on their past. Although it may be true that they may have had some ‘dirt’ in their past but their future is still ‘spotless’.If they were to give money to charity or save a child from a burning building, would it not be appreciated? In conclusion I believe role models are people who are able to do great things and expect nothing back. They do great acts because it makes them feel better about themselves as people. A sense of achievement goes through their minds, they were able to inspire people especially people at a young age because they are the future of modern society. Th ese role models are like modern day angles sent from heaven to protect the feeble and weak.We need more role models to teach people about what to avoid in life and what to hope to achieve. We thank you and are grateful for having people like you sent to earth. English Mock revision exam paper 2 Read source 1, the online travel article called rafting on the grand canyon by Elisabeth Hyde. Question 1:- What do you learn from Elisabeth Hyde’s article about where she has been and what she has been doing? From the article we learn that Elisabeth Hyde along with her husband, 3 teenage kids and 22 other people went on a trip to the Grand Canyon in early July.She mentions that there was only two rules the guide had shouted which were â€Å"stay in the boat† and the second to â€Å"stay in the boat! † At the beginning she doesn’t seem to keen and quite scared about the trip as she says â€Å"blinking at the sign before us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  almost as if she isnâ€℠¢t looking forward to her trip. She continues to talk about what the space of the boats which she says was â€Å"the tightest packing system† she had ever seen this gives us the image that it was uncomfortable and a cramped, overcrowded space because of all the amount of gear and number of people in the â€Å"6m rafts†.She also describes the prime seats as having â€Å"great views†. Elisabeth describes the trip as a â€Å"Disneyland-like experience† which states that it was a great encounter. Although it had people â€Å"plunging down†¦ into a tough wave† and a moment after the boats shooting back up and over the crest. She describes it as a â€Å"rollercoaster ride that had people screaming with the thrill of it. † This proves that she had gotten a sense of adrenaline throughout the experience, like fear and excitement placed in a box and ready to explode at any moment.By the end of the trip Elisabeth was drenched head to toe but she c ould not have cared-less because although she wouldn’t have minded a shower at that moment she had a desire to â€Å"run away and become a river guide†. This shows us that she would have gladly gone through the rollercoaster over and over just because of how great the experience left her. Now read source 2, the article and the picture which goes with it called fearsome tyrannosaurs Rex sue may have died of a sore throat.Question 2:- Explain how the headline and picture are effective and how they link to the text. The headline and image of this article introduces the main idea of the text: that this specie of dinosaur may have potentially died from â€Å"a sore throat† In some way this is considered comical because it doesn’t seem logical that a dinosaur of that size could have potentially died from â€Å"a parasite that infects pigeons† also nicknaming this massive dinosaur â€Å"sue† makes it mocking as if comparing it to a feeble human bei ng.Furthermore straight away from the heading it reads â€Å"Fearsome† which implies that it was quite a superior and scary which makes the reader want to continue reading the article to know in full detail what happened to this dinosaur. As we read on in the article it claims that they have an accurate and complete example of this â€Å"prehistoric predator† in a field museum in Chicago. The use of the alliteration emphasises the point of it being such a phenomenal creature.As we continue on Ian explains to us that this giant â€Å"65 million-year-old† dinosaur had gone through a number of things which had left her with â€Å"broken ribs†, â€Å"torn tendons† and a â€Å"damaged shoulder† and the fact that the cause of â€Å"Sue’s† death was â€Å"far more ordinary† somehow suggests disappointment because of the largeness of this creature. In the image the dinosaur looks so huge compared to the people admiring the fossi l, as if comparing an elephant to an ant. Now read source 3, Everest the hard way, which is an extract from a non-fiction book.Question 3:- Explain which parts of Pete Boardman’s story of the return to camp 6 your find tense and exciting. Straight away the reader feels tension and hints of fear because â€Å"a decision was needed† on what their plan of action was to get back to camp 6. This draws in the reader and makes the reader want to continue reading and find out what their decision was. As we read on it tells us that the he and his fellow camp mates were going the wrong direction, as time went on they felt that their â€Å"success was turning into tragedy. The use of the superlative and comparing it to the best and worst suggest that they are feeling pessimistic and are running out of hope. As we continue reading on Pete described the avalanche that was coming â€Å"channelled, straight towards† him. The use of the adjective gives sympathy for the reader because they feel as if it is inevitable for him to free himself from the danger that is about to happen. The reader is intrigued to find out more about what happens next. He overcame this as he â€Å"smashed† his axe into the ice and hung on.The powerful and emotive language makes the reader feel obligated to read on and is putting a clear image in the readers mine. â€Å"Then it stopped. † The use of this short and snappy sentence makes tension and suspension rise to see if Pete had finally reached safety. It also creates a sense of relief for the reader because they know that he is still one piece and is excited to find out more. In the finally paragraph Pete uses captivating alliteration like †flicking it free, I tumbled over a fifteen foot rock† the continuous use of the â€Å"f† sounds like exhaustion which puts emphasis on the agony and the pain they felt at the time.Now you need to refer to source 3, Everest the hard way and either source 1 o r 2. You are going to compare the two texts Question 4:- Compare the different ways in which language is used for effect in the two texts. Give some examples and analyse what the effects are. In source 3 the writer makes use of some short and snappy sentence at the very beginning of the article when he says â€Å"a decision was needed. † which creates suspension and you are able to know what he feels which makes the reader want to continue and find out what they decide to do.Whereas in Source 1 at the very beginning she mentions that there were only two rules the guide had shouted which were â€Å"stay in the boat† and the second which was to â€Å"stay in the boat! †Although it may seem comical and ironic that the guide had repeated himself. The seriousness of the repetition may have been a warning because it is dangerous and to make sure that they follow the rules. Source 1 uses a metaphor when Elisabeth says â€Å"the grand canyon s a Disneyland-like experie nce† The use of the metaphor makes the description really effective because it helps the readers emphasise with her.This gives a sense of the thrills, excitement and the ups and downs she felt on the trip. In source 3 he tells us that the he and his fellow camp mates were going the wrong direction, as time went on they felt that their â€Å"success was turning into tragedy. † The use of the superlative and comparing it to the best and worst suggest that they are feeling pessimistic and are running out of hope. In source 1 the writer uses rhetorical question in which she says â€Å"was I scared? A little. Exhilarated? More than I have ever been. The use of this makes it seem like she is interacting with the reader as though she is answering the question that they may have for her which makes the article in itself more interesting. Source 3 does this also when he uses captivating alliteration like †flicking it free, I tumbled over a fifteen foot rock† the con tinuous use of the â€Å"f† sounds like exhaustion which puts emphasis on the agony and the pain they felt at the time, which makes the reader have sympathy for him. Question 5:- Write a brief article a website of your choice telling your readers about an interesting or unusual journey or travel experience you’ve had.Explain why it was memorable. â€Å"Take a deep breath and walk up† I whispered to myself as I was about walk up to the aircraft. I didn’t understand why I was getting so stressed over something I had done a million times over, it just didn’t seem logical. But I knew. I knew there was something wrong but I didn’t know what it was. I guess that’s just me being myself. The pilot’s voice ordering us to do as we were told as he explained to us what to do and how to behave on the plane. The beautifully tall air hostesses directing us to the nearest exits and what to do in the case of an emergency with their hands as gui des.It all seemed straight forward really, everything that I had heard before so many times it was glued to my brain. I looked out the window when the engine started running to ease my thoughts. I was so nervous; meeting my family in what seemed like centuries was going to be a shock for them and for me. With all the changes that have happened, how are they going to react? All I know is for certain things are definitely not going to be the way they were before, not after my uncle’s car accident.He was sent to intensive physiotherapy because of a car crash that he was unfortunately apart of, It is the first time the family have been shaken up so badly. Time to get off. A sigh left my mouth as if I hadn’t noticed it. My mother calling me from the top of the stairs encouraging me to come on. At the top of the stairs looking down to the ground, petrified of what I was going to see. But why? He was not dead so why was I making such a fuss? It’s just the thought of ch ange which threatened me. Standing at the bottom of he air craft looking for familiar faces like a lost child looking for its mother was what we’re doing. All we see is a group of our family members just shout our names from across the road, excitement and exhilaration rushed through my body. A tear dared to leave my eye when I saw my uncle in his crutches, because although he wasn’t in the best form he had the largest smile of his face that I had ever seen him do. From that moment I knew that all those fears I felt were empty and meaningless now and this would be one of the greatest holiday I went through.